UMass Researchers Help ID New Mineral on Mars, Providing Insight on the Red Planet’s Potential to Have Supported Life

Researchers from the University of Massachusetts Amherst are part of a team that has identified a unique mineral on Mars, described in Nature Communications. Named ferric hydroxysulfate, the mineral provides clues about the Martian environment and history of the planet, including the possibility of former lava, ash or hydrothermal activity.

Mars gets its trademark red hue from the abundance of iron on its surface, but that's just what can be seen with the naked eye. The various minerals on the Red Planet emit unique signatures of light measurable through spectroscopy. Sulfur is particularly abundant and combines with different elements to make sulfate minerals, each with its own spectral signature that can be captured by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), an instrument orbiting the planet.

In 2010, an unusual spectral band was discovered at Aram Chaos, a heavily eroded impact crater, and the plateau above Juventae Chasma, a large canyonlike depression. Identifying the mineral that exhibits this particular spectral signature has eluded researchers because its unique shape and location is not consistent with any known mineral.

To identify the material, scientists needed more data. "The data that comes out of the spectrometer is not usable the way it is," explains Mario Parente, associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at UMass Amherst and one of the authors of the paper. "We have to calibrate the data, correct the data, remove the effect of the atmosphere," he says, highlighting that the light-which travels from the sun to the mineral to CRISM-has to go through the Martian atmosphere twice.

"There are scattering molecules and gases that absorb light in the atmosphere," he says. "For example, on Mars, there is an abundance of carbon dioxide, and that will distort the data." Parente has the most advanced atmospheric correction algorithm tailored to Mars. Using deep learning artificial intelligence approaches, his team can map the known and unknown minerals, automatically recognizing anomalies in the individual pixels of an image. Notably, Parente produced detailed maps of the Jezero Crater, landing site of the Perseverance rover because it is believed to have once contained water.