Alzheimer’s Symptoms You Might Mistake for Aging—and the Treatments Bringing New Hope

If you've ever forgotten why you walked into a room and felt a flicker of worry, you're not alone. About 6.9 million Americans are living with Alzheimer's disease, and one in nine adults 65 or older has been diagnosed. Here's the encouraging news: Doctors now understand more than ever about the earliest Alzheimer's symptoms , the everyday habits that may protect your brain and the treatments that can actually slow disease progression when caught early. Here's what you need to know.

Subtle Alzheimer's symptoms women often miss

We all forget a name or misplace our keys once in a while. That's normal. What's not typical is when those blips happen often-or when they come alongside other changes you can't quite explain.

"Trouble communicating means repeating words, telling stories that are hard to follow and forgetting what you were talking about," says Laura Korin, MD, MPH, medical director at One Medical and chief women's health officer at Seek. Occasional slips aren't cause for alarm, she notes, but a pattern-especially if it affects your ability to perform everyday tasks-is worth a doctor's visit.

Other subtle symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are easy to blame on stress, menopause or "just aging":

• Increased irritability or a shorter temper
• New paranoia or suspicion of loved ones
• A stronger desire to be alone
• Personality shifts that don't feel like you
• Depression or persistent low mood

Depression is a tricky one, Dr. Korin adds, because it can be a symptom of Alzheimer's (the most common form of dementia) and a risk factor for developing it later. In actor Bruce Willis's case , his wife Emma Heming Willis shared that a stutter turned out to be his earliest sign of a type of dementia known as frontotemporal dementia, or FTD.

Who's most at risk?

Some risk factors are simply out of our hands. Age is the biggest-between 65 and 70, about 1.5 percent of adults have Alzheimer's, and that number climbs with each decade. If a parent or sibling has been diagnosed, your risk rises by about 30 percent. A serious head injury with more than 30 minutes of lost consciousness roughly doubles the risk.

But here's the encouraging part: More than one-third of Alzheimer's cases are linked to habits you can influence, according to the Lancet Commission on Dementia Prevention, Intervention and Care.

How you can help prevent Alzheimer's disease

Doctors say what's good for your heart is good for your brain. That means keeping blood pressure and blood sugar in a healthy range, not smoking and staying socially engaged. A few other small, doable changes add up in a big way:

• Have a cup of coffee. Research in BMJ found adults who drink three to four cups of caffeinated coffee daily have a lower risk of Alzheimer's and cognitive decline.
• Take a 30-minute walk. Structured, repetitive exercise-a daily loop around the block three days a week-improves blood flow and slows cognitive decline.
• Eat more fatty fish. The omega-3 fatty acids in salmon, tuna and sardines help build brain and nerve cells. Aim for at least 8 oz. per week.
• Prioritize sleep. A review of 50 trials found that taking 3 mg of melatonin or less daily for six to 12 months was linked to improved cognitive function in those with Alzheimer's disease.

The newest Alzheimer's treatments-and why timing matters

Two FDA-approved medications for Alzeimer's , donanemab (brand name Kisunla) and lecanemab (brand name Leqembi), are giving families real hope. Both are anti-amyloid therapies that help clear the sticky beta-amyloid protein buildup believed to fuel memory loss.

"When you look at before-and-after of amyloid brain scans, amyloid is high and then it essentially goes completely away after treatment," Brent Forester, MD, psychiatrist-in-chief at Tufts Medical Center.

The catch? These IV infusions work best in early stages-mild cognitive impairment or very mild dementia-before daily quality of life is significantly affected. That's why Dr. Forester urges women not to wait if something feels off or you suspect you might be experiencing Alzheimer's symptoms. "It's really important to talk to your doctor right away and ask what could be helpful. Don't be afraid," he reiterates.

And in welcome news, researchers are close to developing a simple blood test that could potentially catch Alzheimer's early and track how well treatment is working. New drugs targeting inflammation, oxidative stress and tangled brain proteins are moving through clinical trials too.

What to do if you notice Alzheimer's symptoms

If you or a loved one is experiencing memory or mood changes, book an appointment with your primary care doctor or ask for a referral to a neurologist or geriatric psychiatrist. Alzheimer's disease diagnosis typically involves memory and thinking tests, blood work to rule out conditions like thyroid issues, a mental health screening and brain imaging.

The most important step is the first one-starting the conversation. With earlier detection, healthier daily habits and treatments that are finally moving the needle, there's more reason than ever to feel hopeful about your brain health.

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