What NASA’s Return to the Moon Can Teach Leaders About Transformation at Scale

At NASA, a moonshot is not a metaphor. It is an operating model.

Returning humans to the Moon-and building the foundation for an enduring presence in deep space-requires thousands of people, multiple government agencies, international partners, commercial providers, and highly complex systems to work together with extraordinary precision.

During the SAP NOW event in Washington, D.C., Dr. Lori Glaze, associate administrator for NASA's Human Spaceflight Mission Directorate, offered attendees an inside look at the Artemis program and the operational discipline behind it. I later joined Dr. Glaze for a conversation about managing complexity, sustaining momentum, and using emerging technology to support mission outcomes.

The discussion offered lessons that extend far beyond space exploration. For public sector organizations and enterprises undergoing their own transformations, NASA's experience demonstrates how ambitious goals become achievable: one tested capability, one informed decision, and one coordinated team at a time.

Building momentum one mission at a time

NASA's Artemis program is designed as a sequence in which every mission tests capabilities and generates knowledge for the next.

Artemis I, completed in 2022, successfully tested the Space Launch System rocket and the Orion spacecraft without a crew. Artemis II built on that foundation with the first crewed flight of the program, launching four astronauts in April 2026 for a nearly 10-day journey around the Moon before their safe return approximately nine days later.

During the mission, the crew tested Orion's life-support and maneuvering systems, traveled farther from Earth than any humans before them, conducted scientific observations, and safely re-entered Earth's atmosphere at nearly 24,000 miles per hour.

But the mission was not only about setting records. Every observation, test, and operational decision produced information that NASA can apply to what comes next.

"Each test flight in this program is going to inform the next steps of our mission," Glaze said.

NASA is now preparing for Artemis III, targeted for 2027. The mission will test critical rendezvous and docking capabilities between Orion and commercial human landing systems developed by Blue Origin and SpaceX. Those tests are intended to reduce risk before Artemis IV, currently targeted as the program's first crewed lunar landing mission in 2028.

This incremental approach offers an important transformation principle: Meaningful progress does not require solving the entire future at once; it requires designing each milestone to validate assumptions, reduce risk, and create a stronger foundation for the next decision.

Standardization creates the capacity to accelerate

Speed is often associated with moving quickly. At NASA, it also means reducing unnecessary reinvention.

Glaze explained that one of the agency's priorities is standardizing the architecture supporting future Artemis missions. Although exploration frequently involves building something that has never existed before, NASA also needs repeatable systems and processes that can support a more regular cadence of missions.

"We want to do this over and over again, so we need to standardize our architecture," she said. Standardization does not eliminate innovation. It creates the stable foundation upon which innovation can move faster.

NASA relies on an extraordinary range of technologies to support that complexity, including SAP solutions. But technology alone does not make a mission like Artemis possible. Its value comes from how effectively it connects people, processes, information, and decisions around a shared objective.

This is equally relevant to organizations modernizing their finance, workforce, procurement, supply chain, and operational systems. When information and processes remain fragmented across different platforms, teams spend significant time reconciling data, navigating interfaces, and recreating decisions.

A connected digital backbone can reduce that friction. It provides a shared operational foundation so that organizations can scale proven processes, introduce new capabilities, and respond to change without rebuilding the enterprise each time.

Complexity demands faster, better-informed decisions

The scale of the Artemis program is difficult to overstate.

NASA must coordinate launch vehicles, spacecraft, landers, spacesuits, scientific instruments, communications, logistics, personnel, budgets, commercial contractors, and international partners. Each element has its own timeline, dependencies, and risks-and all of them must ultimately come together at precisely the right moment.

Glaze said NASA is working to streamline decision-making by placing the right expertise closer to the work. Subject matter experts have been embedded with contractors and industry suppliers so that issues can be identified, evaluated, and resolved more quickly. The objective is to shorten the distance between insight and action.

That challenge is familiar across government. Leaders often have access to enormous amounts of information but lack a unified view of what is changing, where pressure is building, or which intervention will have the greatest impact.

Glaze identified this as one of the most promising applications for artificial intelligence: helping teams absorb large volumes of data, understand status across complex programs, and identify the areas that require attention.

For organizations, the opportunity is to move from systems that primarily document what has happened to systems that can help interpret conditions, anticipate risks, and support the next best action.

Autonomy works best when it expands human capability

NASA is already applying autonomous technology beyond administrative processes.

Robotic vehicles exploring the Moon and Mars can evaluate terrain, select safer routes, schedule scientific activities, manage communications, and avoid hazards with limited intervention from Earth. AI can also help researchers analyze the enormous scientific datasets generated by NASA missions and focus their attention on the most valuable discoveries.

These capabilities illustrate an important distinction: autonomy is not necessarily about removing people from the mission. It is about allowing technology to manage complexity at a scale and speed that enables people to make better decisions.

The same principle applies to the Autonomous Enterprise. Embedded AI can help coordinate routine processes, detect emerging issues, and recommend actions while keeping people responsible for judgment, accountability, and mission outcomes.

Partnerships turn ambition into capability

No single organization could accomplish the Artemis mission alone.

NASA's architecture brings together government teams, commercial space companies, traditional aerospace manufacturers, international space agencies, scientific institutions, and military partners. Each contributes a specific capability to the larger mission.

For Artemis III, NASA is coordinating with Blue Origin and SpaceX on commercial landing systems. The Orion spacecraft includes a service module provided by the European Space Agency. Future lunar exploration plans also involve mobility systems, habitats, scientific instruments, and infrastructure developed through additional public-private and international partnerships.

This ecosystem is not adjacent to the mission; it's how the mission gets done.

For public sector transformation, partnerships can provide specialized expertise and innovation that would be difficult for one organization to develop independently. But successful ecosystems require more than contracting. They require shared objectives, clearly defined responsibilities, trusted information, and mechanisms for making coordinated decisions.

Trust is the ultimate operating system

When I asked Glaze for her most important leadership advice, her answer was direct: surround yourself with smart people and trust them. "No one person can do these things," she said. "They require thousands of people to achieve these amazing things."

Technology, architecture, and process all matter. But none of them can substitute for teams that understand the mission and are empowered to act.

NASA's progress under Artemis demonstrates what becomes possible when a bold vision is supported by disciplined execution. The agency is testing before scaling, standardizing where it can, bringing expertise closer to decisions, using technology to expand human capability, and building an ecosystem around a clearly defined mission.

Whether the objective is returning to the Moon, modernizing a government agency, or transforming a global enterprise, the lesson is the same: the most ambitious outcomes are achieved when people, data, processes, and partners move forward together.

Jamison Braun is senior vice president and managing director for U.S. Public Services at SAP America.